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Not all Ethernet cable is created equally. What’s the difference, and how do you know which you should use? Let’s look at the technical and physical differences in Ethernet cable categories to help us decide. Ethernet cables are grouped into sequentially numbered categories (“cat”) based on different specifications; sometimes the category is updated with further clarification or testing standards (e.g. These categories are how we can easily know what type of cable we need for a specific application.
Now, the need for crossover cables has been eliminated with more modern equipment. Gigabit Ethernet was created with a widely used option called Auto-MDIX (automatic medium-dependent interface. 3 days ago Learn how MacUpdate Desktop can install apps on MacUpdate with the simple click of the icon. Plus, keep all your apps updated. CatDV Pro is a clip logging and cataloging application designed to enhance the productivity of video editors using an existing NLE application. Do you need a.
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Manufacturers are required to adhere to the standards, which makes our lives easier. What are the differences between the categories and how can you know when to use unshielded, shielded, stranded, or solid cable?
Keep reading for “cat”-like enlightenment. Technical differences The differences in cable specifications is not as easy to see as physical changes; so let’s look at what each category does and does not support. Below is a chart for reference when picking cable for your application based on the standards for that category. As the category number gets higher, so does the speed and Mhz of the wire. This is not a coincidence, because each category brings more stringent testing for eliminating crosstalk (XT) and adding isolation between the wires. This does not mean your experiences have been the same.
Physically you can use Cat-5 cable for 1 Gb speeds, and I have personally used cable longer than 100 meters, but because the standard has not been tested for it, you’ll probably have mixed results. Just because you have Cat-6 cable, doesn’t mean you have 1 Gb network speeds either. Every connection in your network needs to support the 1 Gb speed and in some cases, the connection will need to be told in software to use the available speed.
Category 5 cable was revised, and mostly replaced with, Category 5 Enhanced cable which did not change anything physically in the cable, but instead applied more stringent testing standards for crosstalk. Category 6 was revised with Augmented Category 6 which provided testing for 500 Mhz communication (compared to Cat-6’s 250 Mhz). The higher communication frequency eliminated alien crosstalk (AXT) which allows for longer range at 10 Gb/s. Physical Differences So how does a physical cable eliminate interference and allow for faster speeds? It does it through wire twisting and isolation. Cable twisting was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1881 for use on telephone wires that were run along side power lines. He discovered that by twisting the cable every 3-4 utility poles, it reduced the interference and increased the range.
Twisted pair became the basis for all Ethernet cables to eliminate interference between internal wires (XT), and external wires (AXT). There are two main physical differences between Cat-5 and Cat-6 cables, the number of twists per cm in the wire, and sheath thickness. Cable twisting length is not standardized, but typically there are 1.5-2 twists per cm in Cat-5(e) and 2+ twists per cm in Cat-6. Within a single cable, each colored pair will also have different twist lengths based on prime numbers so that no two twists ever align. The amount of twists per pair is usually unique for each cable manufacturer. As you can see in the above picture, no two pairs have the same amount of twists per inch. Many Cat-6 cables also include a nylon spline which helps eliminate crosstalk.
Although the spline is not required in Cat-5 cable, some manufactures include it anyway. In Cat-6 cable, the spline is not required either as long as the cable tests according to the standard. In the picture above, the Cat-5e cable is the only one with a spline. While the nylon spline helps reduce crosstalk in the wire, the thicker sheath protects against near end crosstalk (NEXT) and alien crosstalk (AXT) which both occur more often as the frequency (Mhz) increases. In this picture the Cat-5e cable has the thinnest sheath, but it also was the only one with the nylon spline.
Shielded (STP) vs. Unshielded (UTP) Because all Ethernet cables are twisted, manufactures use shielding to further protect the cable from interference. Unshielded twisted pair can easily be used for cables between your computer and the wall, but you will want to use shielded cable for areas with high interference and running cables outdoors or inside walls. There are different ways to shield an Ethernet cable, but typically it involves putting a shield around each pair of wire in the cable. This protects the pairs from crosstalk internally.
Manufactures can further protect cables from alien crosstalk but screening UTP or STP cables. Technically the picture above shows a Screened STP cable (S/STP). Stranded Solid and stranded Ethernet cables refer to the actual copper conductor in the pairs. Solid cable uses a single piece of copper for the electrical conductor while stranded uses a series of copper cables twisted together.
There are many different applications for each type of conductor, but there are two main applications for each type you should know about. Stranded cable is more flexible and should be used at your desk or anywhere you may be moving the cable around often. Solid cable is not as flexible but it is also more durable which makes it ideal for permanent installations as well as outdoor and in walls. Now that you know which type of cable you should use,.
What You Need to Know About Dante Written by on January 24, 2014 under Contributor: Gino Sigismondi, Senior Manager, Shure Systems Support For the last couple of years, we’ve all heard the steady drumbeat of digital in pro sound applications. Digital audio networking systems that transmit and receive up to 64 audio channels over a single Ethernet cable, and more recently, digital wireless microphone systems. These solutions allow audio inputs and outputs from enabled audio gear (for instance, a wireless microphone system or mixer) to be routed using a user’s existing Mac or PC when loaded with the necessary software. All inputs and outputs are carried as digital data running on lightweight, inexpensive Cat-5 cabling. Conte Forum at Boston College – Future Home of Dante An emerging technology to the uninitiated, digital audio distribution has proven reliable and road-worthy in applications ranging from sound reinforcement at the G8 Summit and the Sydney Opera House to recording applications at a 500-member church in Vancouver, Washington.
While Australia-based Audinate’s Dante is one of several competing protocols for communicating multiple audio channels over standard Ethernet and IP networks, it has led the industry in media attention, awards and licensing agreements with an impressive list of partners. With applications in live sound, recording and conferencing, Shure jumped on board in 2012 and joined the ranks of Allen & Heath, Yamaha, and many, many others. Dante represented an opportunity to bring a high performance plug-and-play experience to users of Shure’s ULX-D digital wireless system, SCM820 Automatic Mixer and Microflex Wireless. In this post, we’ll address a few of the basics, so that the next time Dante comes up in conversation, you won’t be thinking of the Middle Ages poet who wrote the Divine Comedy. We’ll also share the potential of network-based AV protocols, filtered through the real world experience of Jonathan Sage who is the Senior Audio Engineer for Boston College and uses Dante the way you might use an audio snake. (But more about that in a minute.) What is the Dante digital audio networking protocol? Audio signals between Dante-enabled devices are routed using Dante Controller software.
This software, available from Audinate, can be downloaded to a customer’s Mac or PC and sets up the routing. This specific set of communication rules is called a protocol. (Most of us are familiar with VoIP – the Voice Over Internet Protocol that transformed your land line – if you still have one – into digital phone service.) How is digital distribution different than analog? In an analog AV implementation, the logical and physical connections are the same – most connections are point-to-point and individual cables represent each channel.
Copper cables are needed to for each individual signal path. In Dante, the physical connecting point is irrelevant: as long as all the devices are connected to the same network, audio signals can be made available anywhere and everywhere. Patching and routing are configured in software and not over physical wired links. Depending on the application, Dante allows up to 512 bi-directional channels of audio to be sent and distributed over an Ethernet network, using CAT-5e cable or CAT-6 cable. For example: Eight channels of audio from a ULXD4Q receiver can be sent to a mixer in two ways: Analog.
A single Ethernet CAT-5e cable from each device, using the Dante port. (Non-Shure products shown are from Yamaha, Allen & Heath, and D-Link) How is the system set up? Devices that are Dante-enabled (like Shure’s ULXD4Q wireless system) utilize Dante Controller, Audinate software that provides a graphical interface for set up, routing and device monitoring. It is designed to run on a customer’s existing PC or Mac.
Michael Pettersen, Director of Shure’s Technical Product Support team explained it this way to us: “Essentially, the Dante Controller is a dispatcher of the digital signals: ‘Signal A – go to device #1, Signal B – go to device #2 and Signal C – go to device #3.’ In the world of analog audio, this type of signal routing is accomplished by the use of individual cables or a patch panel.” Are there cost benefits? Digital media distribution reduces set-up time, plus it eliminates the need for miles of increasingly expensive copper wiring. Installation is simplified through digital networking since inexpensive CAT-5e or CAT-6e cable will carry all the required inputs and outputs as digital audio data.
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Plus – digital distribution doesn’t require anything in the way of hardware or software expense. Audinate’s Dante Controller can operate on PCs running Windows 7 and Windows 8 or Macs running OS X 10.6.8, 10.7.5 and 10.8. Another benefit is that Dante signals can co-exist on an organization’s computer network without causing bandwidth issues with IT or control data. Finally, Dante allows you to leverage existing, off-the-shelf, networking components. Dante is compatible with standard Ethernet switches and routers.
For most applications, Audinate recommends using Gigabit switches. Dante goes to Boston College To get a sense of real-world applications for Dante, we chatted up Jonathan Sage, who in addition to being Boston College’s Senior Audio Engineer is also its Audio and Events Services Supervisor. No stranger to the world of network-based audio, he’s had experience with Dante and some of its early competitors for several years. Ask him whether he’s a sound guy or an IT guy and he’ll tell you, “I can answer a question about the difference between 625 fiber and 50-micron fiber just as easily as explaining what the signal flow of a console is. That’s the industry we live in.”. Jonathan Sage He’s a Dante fan.
And for good reason: “Dante allows me to use an entire building as a snake. I have several applications where I’m very far away from where the inputs and outputs are located – so being able to jack one side into an available data jack in a building and then the other side to an available data jack in the building and not even having to run 300’ of Cat-5 is great. It works seamlessly. It cuts my set-up time tons.” The degree to which Boston Collage has placed its faith in networked AV generally and Dante specifically is similarly impressive: “We have over 100 rooms on campus that are full HD over Cat-5. “Our latest Dante project has been our arena’s sound system, which is going online this fall. The project mixes a new Dante-based system and another networked audio system that exists in our stadium into one control room. Next year our stadium will be based around Dante when it is upgraded.
We are also looking into Netspander so that we can move our Dante systems across subnets. We’re leveraging networking at a very high level.” Shure gets high marks, too: “We don’t use any wireless systems on campus that aren’t Shure. All our podium mics, all our table mics – everything.” The Advantages The benefits of Dante are the same whether you need to set up a digital audio network for 54 classrooms or a 500-member church. The difference in cost savings? It’s one of scale – miles of expensive copper cable.
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